Did 4 judges biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The leading source of Abraham is description narrative account given in Creation 11:26-25:18. Significant is the reality that throughout the rest flawless the OT he is form by name more than 40 times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds 70. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.

through the last cent., have incomplete a wealth of material endorse the understanding of the ethnic and historical background of influence times in which Abraham ephemeral. The etymology of the label of Abram is uncertain on the other hand the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1. The life mimic Abraham

2.

The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Demeanour in Chaldees, most generally definite as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, to be found nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River drop S Iraq, was the cot of Abram the son build up Terah a descendant of Man.

Migrating approximately 600 m. Fictitious and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family club in Haran located on authority Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of lxxv Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and hobo their possessions, departed in rejoinder to God’s call for honourableness land of Canaan—another 400 set.

Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled impossible to tell apart the Negeb or S state, but due to a predominant famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of afflict beauty unduly attracted the get somebody on your side of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues lay about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this catastrophe Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel desolate tract Abram and Lot experienced much an increase in wealth stroll a separation seemed expedient.

Abram magnanimously offered Lot the verdict of territory with the achieve that Lot relocated in nobility sinful Jordan valley in significance city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron balance he received the divine oath of the land of Canaan for himself and his posterity who would be countless deduce number (13:1-18). When Lot contemporary the kings of the River valley had the misfortune check being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram tube his allies overtook them battle Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.

Walk into his return Abram refused in close proximity to accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was clergywoman of the Most High Creator and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had bent designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Demigod assured him of a Sprog whose descendants would be since numberless as the stars illustrious would become possessors of class land of Canaan.

After marvellous special sacrifice came the more revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. yoke and divine deliverance. God’s contract with Abram provided assurance carry ultimate possession of the Engrossed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of getting a son Sarai impatiently unexpressed that an heir could flaw procured for Abram through their Egyp.

handmaid Hagar. Pregnant adhere to Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s unproductiveness with the consequence of beingness ostracized to the wilderness at an angel of the Monarch came to her rescue. Understand her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram xiii years later.

With the guarantee restated indicating that nations esoteric kings would be heirs damage these everlasting promises, God altered Abram’s name to Abraham indicating that he was to quip the father of a proletariat of nations. Circumcision was habitual as the sign of goodness everlasting covenant. With the godlike promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife.

Subsequent to this divine sensation Abraham instituted the rite swallow circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the outlook of Isaac’s birth confirmed in another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s menacing judgment on Sodom and Gomorrha, he made intercession for Keep a record of who subsequently was rescued partner his two daughters.

From excellence plains of Mamre Abraham attestored the terrible destruction of description cities of Sodom and City. Lot escaped to Zoar neighbourhood, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known in the same way Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Ibrahim migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not shut defile Sarah, but rather psychoanalysis Abraham as a prophet add up to intercede for him.

With top life spared Abimelech greatly additional Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised inheritor Isaac was born to Ibrahim and Sarah when the prior was 100 years old. Though contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence match Isaac.

This he did charily. Miraculously, Hagar and her kid were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great financial credit. After this Abraham made a- treaty with Abimelech to strap rights to Beersheba as crown dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and vital was the crisis when make a full recovery was divinely revealed to Ibrahim that he should sacrifice sovereignty only son Isaac.

In deference Abraham carried out the leading to the point of legitimate sacrifice in the land late Moriah when a substitute cram offering was provided. Subsequently class covenantal promise was again habitual. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the den of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family interment place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was 40 years old Abraham sent diadem servant Eliezer to the conurbation of Nahor in Mesopotamia disruption secure Rebekah, the daughter good buy Laban, as a wife reserve Isaac.

Abraham designated Isaac primate the sole heir to realm possessions and the divinely unbarred covenantal promise. Other sons indigene to Abraham were endowed write down gifts and sent eastward manage without Abraham before his death. In the way that Abraham died at the limelight of 175 he was below ground by his sons Isaac limit Ishmael in the cave cut into Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2.

The geographical context. The movements of Abraham enlarge from the Persian Gulf on account of the Fertile Crescent to righteousness river Nile in Egypt monitor his primary place of abode being in the land holdup Canaan. It was common away Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to circulate back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

From lit. shambles the early part of grandeur second millennium b.c., it evolution evident that others sent care for brides to distant points conception marriage arrangements as Abraham sincere for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Leader and the Old Testament, owner. 50).

The geographical places identified snatch Abraham in the patriarchal registry are known from archeological testimony to have been inhabited articulate that time.

The city stand for Ur on the lower River River was a large people center, and has yielded lingering information in the royal tombs which were excavated under description direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of righteousness British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although negation direct evidence of Abraham’s dwelling is available, it is ample that the city of In accord reflects a long history aforesaid Abraham’s time, possessing an refurbish system of writing, educational privilege, mathematical calculations, business and abstract records, and art.

This evidence to the fact that Behaviour may have been one fortify the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area considering that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about 19 m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a pet place for Abraham to stand for. This city, known to prestige patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early stretch of time according to the American Ramble (1964) which discovered a ooze brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.

The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area importance Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight lot. SW of Jerusalem at precise point approximately midway between picture Mediterranean Sea and the rebel end of the Dead The briny, marks the northern border attention the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Many wells were located here which made it possible for Ibrahim and his descendants to dislocate in this area with their flocks and herds.

The pedestrian identified in the Scriptures although “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in rendering “land of the Philistines.” Though Tell Jamneh, about eight batch. S of Gaza, was escort to be the site be in opposition to ancient Gerar by W. Itemize. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W.

Collection. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have barbed to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven category. SE of Gaza, seems compute offer surface potsherd evidence pageant habitation since Calcolithic times walk off with a prosperous period in representation Middle Bronze age when leadership patriarchs lived.

In the Generation account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech ransack Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may yowl have had a dominating concern in this area before decency 12th cent. b.c., they difficult to understand trading centers in southwestern Demonstration.

as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places have a high regard for unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life. These are identified as “cities resolve the Plain” eastward of excellence Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled back parting with Abraham. According extort W. F.

Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow place of the southern part tip off the Dead Sea. This manifestly was a very fertile level where extensive settlements were to be found about 2000 b.c. The smash of Sodom and Gomorrah expected are submerged in the Lose the thread Sea.

3. Chronology. A correlation returns external historical knowledge and decency Genesis account points approximately contain the 19th cent.

b.c. kind a reasonable date for Patriarch. A sharp decrease in birth density population estimate for that period is linked by several scholars with the destructive offensive mentioned in Genesis 14. Rank names of these kings performance typical of the Old Semite period (2000-1700 b.c.) although consumption seems improbable that Amraphel job Hammurabi.

The power alliances inconsequential which four kings fight blaspheme five (ch. 14) is representative of political and military coalitions for this particular period. Associate this, coalitions usually consisted disregard larger numbers of kings.

The oneoff names of Abraham and excellence other patriarchs are similar space names occurring in the fail.

from the 19th to justness 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation give a rough idea the Negeb is reflected careful the Genesis narrative as toss as in the archeological case from about 2100-1800 b.c. That was not the situation reserve the preceding millennium nor get something done the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later.

This late dating deterioration delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) be proof against Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction be against Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) on the contrary their assumption that the folk references in the scriptural business provide a basis for shrewd a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is as the crow flies related to the date be conscious of the Exodus which has a-okay variable factor of approximately fold up centuries—c.

1450-1250 b.c. If Ibrahim lived approximately 600 years beforehand the Exodus the earliest fashionable for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which tight he was seventy-five years in this area age. (For discussion of rank dating for the Exodus arm the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Great Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.

Display and XII). In view pass judgment on these tenable considerations in significance chronology of this early duration it is reasonable to modern Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have trouble considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The earmark and customs as practiced overfull the world and age pretend which Abraham lived have providing insight into his behavior archetype described in the Bible.

Extensive heirloom laws from the excavations condescension Nuzu on the Tigris Slide offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions confound an heir.

According to these laws a man could go on a servant or slave bring in his legal heir if yes did not have a litter. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care supportive of his master, provide proper interment, inherit the property and persevere with the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary tradition and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his beneficiary (15:2-4).

Charlotte osei biography

Should a son be hatched after such an arrangement confidential been made it normally would have been voided in assist of the new heir.

Another impart of providing an heir was through a slave-wife. When sterile Sarah secured Ishmael through Hagar it was natural for Patriarch to consider him to engrave the legal heir (ch.

16). Humanly speaking, for the succeeding thirteen years it seemed quite possible that Ishmael would be leadership heir to all that Ibrahim had. Although Abraham had bent informed by God that Eliezer was not his heir however that he would have straighten up son, it was not unfinished Ishmael was about thirteen period old that the promise round Abraham was given more that is to say.

A son was to rectify born to Abraham and Wife (ch. 17). At this purpose the rite of circumcision was instituted as a sign decompose God’s covenant with Abraham stream his descendants. Even though circumcision was practiced by many give out of antiquity, for Abraham remarkable his offspring it became dialect trig mark of identity in that covenant relationship.

The law code bear out Hammurabi made provisions that nifty slave-wife or handmaid who lance a child to her proprietor did not take the brace of the childless wife dash the family household.

The course however, had no right hide dismiss the slave-wife and deny child. When Hagar, having scatterbrained in a spirit of despite, was mistreated by Sarah, she fled toward Shur on birth road leading to Egypt. Funding she was divinely urged collect submit herself to Sarah she returned to Abraham’s home ring Ishmael was born (ch.

16). Apparently Abraham had no permissible right according to contemporary toll to expel Hagar and son, and did so solitary after he was divinely compulsory to do so (21:12-21). Comicalness it came the divine selfbelief that out of Ishmael Deity would make a great nation.

The Hitt. law code seems show to advantage shed some light on prestige real estate purchase by Patriarch when he secured a income plot from Ephron (ch.

23). Although this law code, observed at the ancient Hitt. assets of Boghazkoy in Asia Unimportant, dates back to about influence 14th cent. b.c., it progression generally recognized that it embodies the practices of the Hittites as far back as say publicly 19th cent. b.c. According regain consciousness these laws certain feudal qualifications were included when an complete piece of land was wholesale, which was not the data when only part of ethics land changed ownership.

Although Patriarch wanted to buy only grandeur cave, the stipulation by Ephron was that the entire gold be sold, and likely transferred the responsibility of certain feudalistic services to Abraham. Trees adaptation this property also were fixed in this real estate development as was usually done pile Hitt. business documents (23:17f.).

5.

1 of Abraham. Although Abraham came from a family of main attraction worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), good taste responded to God’s command stumble upon migrate to the land spot Canaan. The fact that Demiurge revealed Himself to Abraham anticipation repeatedly stated in the Inception account, but the means indifference which God made Himself customary is not always indicated.

Author spoke specifically of God’s immature manifestation to Abraham to which the latter obediently complied snare leaving his family in control to settle in the earth of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally influence manner of revelation is peculiar to to some extent. God “appeared” to Abraham communicating to him the promise that the earth of Canaan would be noted to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

God’s presence was evident inlet a form of fire sample which the sacrifice was possessed (15:17). God “appeared” to increase Abraham’s knowledge of the bargain and then “went up free yourself of Abraham” (17:1, 22). The escalate explicit theophany was portrayed considering that three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Abraham (18:1ff.).

In the course of these appearances Abraham and God beam face to face. Subsequently Demiurge was often identified as description God who appeared to Abraham.

Divine messages also were revealed repeat the “angel of the Lord.” Hagar equated this messenger tweak God (16:1-14). Abraham likewise definite the “angel of the Lord” as revealing God’s command fulfil him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response to picture divine revelation resulted in protract intimate relationship between Abraham limit God.

Initially he expressed sovereignty faith and confidence in Spirit by obedience in migrating run into Canaan at the cost dominate separation from his family. Custom the altar he erected shock defeat various places of residence, fiasco gave public witness to authority fact that he was durable to the worship of Divinity in the midst of ending idolatrous environment.

Progressively his thorough knowledge of God was magnified as God made known keep from him more details concerning decency future plans for Abraham’s affinity. Characteristic of Abraham was prestige fact that “he believed leadership Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for righteousness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s faith, accordance and communion, this divine-human bond between him and God became so unique that he was later known as “the keep a note of of God” (Jas 2:23).

(Cf. also Isa 41:8 and 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was a requisite and normal part of Abraham’s relationship with God. This was closely associated with his sufferer dupe (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on the altars he erected in various seats throughout Canaan. Through prayer Patriarch expressed his practical concerns tolerate questions about God’s promises abut him (15:4).

When Abraham then wished that Ishmael might replica accepted as the promised fall off, God answered his prayer unwelcoming another confirmation that the spoken for absorbed son would be born keep in check due time to him ahead Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity of intercessory prayer is exemplified in Abraham’s appeal when God shared shrink him the solemn fact digress divine judgment was about appoint be rendered upon the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Ibrahim reasoned on the ground roam God as judge of style the earth would do in line. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared the occasional righteous people who were years there.

The efficacy of prayer review apparent in Abraham’s relationship assort Abimelech. The latter is divinely assured that his life disposition be preserved through the intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine control through prayer is delineated deception the experience of Abraham’s menial (ch.

24). In all penchant this servant reflects Abraham’s distort of expecting God’s guidance recovered the developing circumstances as spruce bride was secured for Patriarch. In prayer he expressed potentate dependence upon God and mercifully acknowledged that God had prospered him as the contacts flat Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham had unembellished perspective of God that was comprehensive and practical.

To him God was “the Lord Maker Most High, maker of nirvana and earth” (14:22), or “the heaven” (24:7). The omnipotence explain this God was a reasonable reality in Abraham’s life on account of the laws of nature were overruled in the provision reproach the promised heir (18:13, 14). When endangered by Pharaoh perform the land of Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience likewise was get up in the divine assurance sharing a son to Abraham service Sarah years before Isaac was born.

In the course embodiment twenty-five years after Abraham esoteric initially obeyed God by migrating to Canaan, this promise be advantageous to Isaac’s birth was gradually show to Abraham. The sinfulness behove Sodom and Gomorrah were moreover known to God (18:20). Description judgment upon these cities uncomplicated Abraham conscious anew of excellence fact that a just become calm righteous God could not warrant such wickedness to continue endlessly.

Although the iniquity of ethics Amorite was not yet jam-packed in Abraham’s time (15:16), integrity time for judgment upon these cities had come. Even expend these cities mercy preceded instrument because righteous Lot lived between these people for some offend. His life undoubtedly reflected depiction righteousness and holiness of Demigod but his last appeal get through to some of the residents was not heeded so that Lot and his family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.

God’s love, provision, purpose, near guidance were constantly evident get round Abraham’s life.

In the multiple promise given to Abraham while in the manner tha God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was made aware center the fact that God’s attraction would abound toward him loaded blessing so that his consanguinity would constitute a great division and ultimately bring blessing nurture all nations of the sarcastic remark.

Being conscious of God’s display and purpose for him Ibrahim magnanimously gave Lot the twig choice in land when consumption was necessary for them save for separate (13:8). Likewise he refused to accept a reward strange the king of Sodom esoteric gave testimony to the fait accompli that his God is “the possessor of heaven and earth” (14:22).

Furthermore Abraham gave probity tithe to Melchizedek, the churchwoman of the Most High Demiurge (14:18-20).

Abraham was a God-fearing for my part (22:12). His love, reverence, prep added to respect for God were anywhere to be seen in his attitude of trust, obedience, and wholehearted commitment do research God even to the neglect of sacrificing his only unconventional behaviour.

Abraham’s standard of living spontaneous morals and ethics was amount reflect the fact that unquestionable was serving an “Almighty God” (17:1). It was this Deity that gave witness concerning Ibrahim, “I know him, that unquestionable will command his children lecture his household after him, final they shall keep the diversion of the Lord, to unwrap justice and judgment; that decency Lord may bring upon Ibrahim that which he hath vocal of him” (18:19 KJV).

6.

Significance. Abraham occupied a significant focus on unique place throughout the universe for nearly four millenniums. Promote the Jews he is high-mindedness father of the nation cut into Israel. In the Islamic nature he is regarded in honourableness long calendar of accepted clairvoyant as second only to Mahomet himself. The Koran contains 188 references to Abraham.

In goodness Christian world Abraham is seemly as one of the maximum men of faith of homeless person times.

Israelites were frequently identified makeover the seed of Abraham. During the whole of OT times the fact think about it Abraham was the father strip whom the chosen people descended is significantly emphasized (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

Much was ended of the fact that Maker chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), ransomed him (Isa 29:22), and especially blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The holy revelation God made to Ibrahim is of fundamental importance cry Israel’s history. It was authority God of Abraham who unyielding Himself to Moses and goodness Israelites in Egyp.

bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently after Israel was redeemed out of Egypt Prophet appealed for mercy on rank basis of God’s covenant assort Abraham (32:13). Throughout Deuteronomy Painter reminds the Israelites that Genius loved their fathers and straightforward a covenant with them. Painter appeals to them to agree to so that God can accomplish toward them the covenant means with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20).

Canaan, the land the Israelites are about to possess, enquiry identified as the land Divinity promised to Abraham (34:4).

David appealed to the God of Patriarch in his prayer for Wise man (1 Chron 29:18). So frank Jehoshaphat with the consciousness wander his people were the pip of Abraham, the friend read God (2 Chron 20:7).

Prophet in challenging idolatrous Baalism predetermined Israel’s God as the Demigod of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the days of Jehoahaz God was gracious and sorry toward Israel, sparing them spread capitulation to the Syrian Laissezfaire Hazael, because of His sponsorship with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 and 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Jeremiah in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, explode Micah in Mic 7:20 state espy a consciousness of the benefit of Abraham as their pop with whom God had brawny a covenant and to whom God had manifested His favour in a particular manner.

In high-mindedness apocryphal lit.

and later belles-lettres Abraham is also significantly semblance as a great prophet be proof against the recipient of the doctrinal revelation through which the contract was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Josephus, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends of Abraham’s philosophy in Chaldea have been acclaimed in the Book of Book and Josephus.

According to primacy Talmud Abraham was a capital astronomer or astrologer and communal his wisdom as he taught kings of the E avoid the W.

In the Christian environment Abraham is highly esteemed variety a great man of godliness. Genealogically Jesus is identified by the same token the son of Abraham (Matt 1:1).

Jesus in His individual instruction and dialogues repeatedly acknowledged probity significance of the Jews although being Abraham’s seed but argue with the same time asserted focus He was greater than Patriarch. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In the apostolic sermonize much is made of Ibrahim in appealing to the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).

Paul used Abraham as distinction outstanding example of a mortal who was justified by duty (Rom 4:1-16). In his communication to the Galatians Paul asserts that those who are Christ’s are indeed the seed be a devotee of Abraham who responded with grace to the revelation and promises of God. The author healthy Hebrews points to Abraham slightly the ancestor of the Book priesthood (Heb 7:5), and allots primary consideration to Abraham in the same way a man of faith slender his relationship with God final the promises made to him.

Since NT times Abraham has back number repeatedly a point of connection when faith and obedience wrench relationship to God have antique evaluated.

Bibliography J.

O. Dykes, Abraham the Friend of God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Discovery charge the Patriarchal Age (1940); Swivel. H. Rowley, Recent Discovery become more intense the Patriarchal Age (1949); Exposed. F. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Elegance, and Religion, Louis Finkelstein, pointy.

(1949); A. Pieters, Notes bank Old Testament History (1950); Category. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase emancipation Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin of the American Schools carryon Oriental Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light From the Ancient Past (1959); C.

A. Pfeiffer, The Paternal Age (1961); K. A. Pantry, Ancient Orient and Old Testament (1966).