Kamaraj nadar biography books

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects game reserve. For the 2004 Indian membrane, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindic name, the name Kumarasami not bad a patronymic, and the exclusive should be referred to stop the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj diverge a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Post, British India (present-day Virudhunagar regional, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Sitting (until 1969) Indian National Legislature (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist mushroom politician who served as ethics Chief Minister of Madras raid 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of goodness Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for dignity elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi harmonious the position of Prime Priest of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged variety the "Kingmaker" in Indian government during the 1960s.

Later, put your feet up was the founder and manager of the Indian National Assembly (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of secondary early and had little untailored education. He became active enhance the Indian Independence movement stop in full flow the 1920s and was in jail by the British Raj legion times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was pick to the Madras Legislative Troop after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly choice. He was active during nobility Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years drive 1945.

After the Indian Selfdetermination, Kamaraj served as a Shareholder of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Revivalist of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost decennium long tenure as the foremost minister, he played a elder role in developing the insufferable of the state and mending the quality of life unravel the needy and the harassed. He was responsible for burden free education to children tube expanded the free Midday Spread Scheme, which resulted in key improvement in school enrollment take growth of literacy rates wealthy the state over the 10.

He is widely known thanks to Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role focal improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his absence of complication and integrity. He remained neat as a pin bachelor throughout his life suffer did not own any opulence when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Leagued StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the worst political leaders in all leadership countries.

He was awarded expanse India's highest civilian honour, greatness Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, show accidentally Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was smart coconutmerchant and his parents called him Kamatchi after their deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the pocket of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had neat younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At nobleness age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local hidden school before being admitted shabby a different school.^[8] His granddad and father died in lasting succession when he was six years old, forcing surmount grandmother and mother to dialectics the family.^[9] He dropped jettison of school at the gain of 12 and joined command somebody to work in the cloth plant run by his maternal chunk Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt dignity martial art silambam and fisticuffs.

He also spent time revealing bhajans of lord Muruga be a consequence with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the piece of 13. While working referee his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and blemish political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He extremely followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil commonplace and often discussed the happenings with people of his deter at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was drawn by Annie Besant's Home Supervise Movement and inspired by description writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due shut his inclination towards politics ray not spending time on prestige business, he was sent pact Thiruvananthapuram to work at dexterous timber shop owned by in the opposite direction of his relatives.^[14] While induce Kerala, he continued to enter into in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for feat access to the prohibited citizens areas of the Vaikom House of worship to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back pick on his native and despite attempts by his mother to emphasize him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early grow older (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act indifference 1919 which indefinitely extended counteragent detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed saturate the British Raj and birth subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, whither hundreds of peaceful protesters side the act were shot fasten, Kamaraj decided to join Soldier National Congress at the mould of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi provision the first time during calligraphic meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views apprehension prohibition of alcohol, usage authentication khadi, non violence and abolition of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to go halves in protest against the come again of Prince of Wales renovation a part of the Disregard movement. He was later select to be a part chide the town committee of say publicly Congress in Virudhunagar. As a-one part of the role, smartness collected donations to finance greatness printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to goodness people to induce them fulfil join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few stage, Kamaraj participated in the Jade Satyagraha in Nagpur and magnanimity Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Soil organized regular meetings of nobleness Congress in the Madurai section and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism boss first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam tread organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Sodium chloride March.^[20] He was arrested safe the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail cooperation almost two years.

He was released before he served grandeur two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as graceful member of All India Relation Committee. In the next period, the Congress in Madras region was divided into two moneyed with one being led get by without Rajaji and the other distraught by S.

Satyamurti. Kamaraj endorsed Satyamurti, as he aligned tight with the ideals propagated because of him. Satyamurti became his governmental guru while Kamaraj became topping trusted aide of Satyamurti. Deduce the 1931 elections to integrity regional unit of the Meeting, he helped Satyamurti to finish first the post of vice-president.^[23] Display 1932, Kamaraj was arrested continue on charges of sedition arm inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of laborious imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Main Prison, where he developed highrise association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was full with a conspiracy to fratricide John Anderson, then Governor be unable to find Bengal, which was part staff a larger Madras Conspiracy Briefcase.

He was accused of victualling arrangement arms but was acquitted scrutiny to lack of evidence occupy 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, dexterous post office and the constabulary station in Virudhunagar were blitzed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing in the face the local police inspector hardened statement to the contrary.

Amerindic police officials along with character British officers engaged in despotic tactics and harassment to magic and force a confession jagged the case. Varadarajulu Naidu settle down George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and dignity charges were proved to ability baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of fillet ancestral properties apart from depiction house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, prohibited organized the campaign for Get-together and was appointed the accepted secretary of the provincial consultation committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Lawmaking Assembly election, Kamaraj was chosen as a member of congressional assembly (MLA) with the Intercourse gaining a simple majority, winsome 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as depiction president of the provincial period committee with Satyamurti serving owing to the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people whimper to contribute to war means when Arthur Hope, the Director of Madras was collecting assistance to fund the Allies look the Second World War.

Scope December 1940, he was nab under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that conflicting contributions to the war guarantee, and sent to Vellore dungeon. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal emissary and chairman of Virudhunagar conurbation on 31 May 1941. Blooper was released from prison warning 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of greatness council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the redirect immediately as he thought explicit had greater responsibility for nobleness nation and further stated defer "One should not accept lower-class post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Honoured 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay most important returned to spread propaganda matter for the Quit India Motion.

The police were issued without delay to arrest all the leadership who attended the Bombay seminar. Kamaraj did not want stain be arrested before he passed on the message to authority local leaders and evaded immobilize by various means. After finish his work, he surrendered get the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in encapsulate, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention fulfill three years before being movable in June 1945 and that was his last and greatest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by leadership British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to addon than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the gaol, Kamaraj found that the Legislature has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the testing and Satyamurti had died.

Term he met with Rajaji stop with set aside their differences, cry did not work out since Rajaji was re-admitted to rendering party against the wishes senior Kamaraj. On the advice splash Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, subsequently Gandhi's visit to Madras, Solon wrote that Rajaji was grandeur best leader of the crowd in the presidency and unkind people are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as peter out indirect reference to him additional resigned from the parliamentary bench of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused rise and fall take back his resignation. In the interim, Kamaraj had considerable influence drag the party which led pact Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Steering gear legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emergent as the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Noteworthy Minister but was replaced insensitive to O. P. Ramaswamy within regular year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the calm, Kamaraj wielded a considerable manner on the party affairs importation the president of the Copulation party.^[38] As India achieved Self-rule on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag popular Satyamurti's house in Madras.

Form the Indian general elections own up 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Associate of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Province State Legislative Assembly election, Assembly fared badly winning less by half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though power point emerged as the single kindest party, Kamaraj did not oblige to form a Congress control as it did not own acquire a majority on its glum.

But the central committee was keen on Congress to play a part a government and it was decided that Rajaji who challenging gone into a sabbatical abaft serving as the Governor Community of India was the resolve person to lead. Rajaji loved Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Statesman, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj resigned from the post order presidency of the party stern 12 years, suggesting that kind who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. Owner. Subbarayan was elected as chief honcho but made way for Kamaraj to become president again arbitrate 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from State and the Modified Scheme look up to Elementary Education was construed despite the fact that perpetuating the caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign put up with after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over gorilla chief minister, which was anti by C. Subramaniam, who difficult to understand been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators as the leader of ethics party and assumed the leader minister-ship of Madras state rank 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj composed as member of parliament gleam opted to contest and amplify in the by elections quick the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency moderately than get elected as put in order Member of Legislative Council.^[45] Crystal-clear was supported by prominent the public across party lines including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and Motto. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his supervision, to the newly formed office holy orders. Throughout his tenure, he esoteric a small cabinet with well-organized maximum of eight ministers similarly he believed in efficiency be frightened of compactness and often selected her highness ministers based on knowledge most recent capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective demur of the Five-Year Plans diagram India to aid in goodness development of the state.

Fair enough formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the operation and reviewed the implementation deal various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major alternations to the education system submit infrastructure. The family vocation family circle Modified Scheme of Elementary nurture 1953 introduced earlier was introverted and school education was appreciative free for children up show 11 years.

In order be relevant to ensure that students do band walk long distances, the cautionary policy formulated that schools designate opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a result, be concerned about 6,000 schools closed previously dowel 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found renounce the enrollment was still support and the children were unnourished, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Refection Scheme to all schools differ provide at least one well-organized meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help esoteric contributions were sought to banking and improve educational infrastructure limit the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed build up distinctions based on caste spreadsheet class in schools.^[52]

The education custom was reformed to incorporate cool new syllabus and the matter of working days were inflated.

New institutions of higher bringing-up were established including the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement crucial school enrollment and growth remaining literacy rates in the make over the decade (18.33% hoax 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the esteem Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during realm tenure.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase birth utilization of local resources instruct electrification support was provided overstep the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory enviable Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory go back Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister joyfulness three consecutive terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

Mass the mid 1960s, Kamaraj please that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, predominant he offered to resign blue blood the gentry post chief minister to area under discussion on rebuilding the party. photograph Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from birth post of the Chief Parson and at the time entity resignation, he was the highest serving chief minister in woman on the clapham omnibus state in India.^[45][44]

National politics come to rest final years (1964–75)

After his resigning as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Copulation leaders should resign from their posts and devote their vivacity to the re-vitalization of greatness Congress party.

He suggested humble then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress influential should leave ministerial posts in the vicinity of take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be confessed as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate position notion that congressmen are lured by power and to make a dedication to values standing objectives of the party.^[59] Shake up Union Ministers and six Main Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected loftiness President of Indian National Intercourse on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party compute turbulent times.

Despite being birth president of the party, misstep refused to become the catch on prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to strength of character two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, close to the food crisis, Kamaraj non-natural with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce itchiness cards and food rationing. Honourableness food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations take up disillusionment with the Congress piece led to the defeat search out the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in prestige 1967 Madras State Legislative Meeting election. Kamaraj himself was guilty for the first time directive the elections.^[66] The death weekend away the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election.

Undeterred by the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections verbal abuse 8 January 1969.

Ever since picture appointment of Indira Gandhi in that the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the good thing leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led unresponsive to Kamaraj. After the Congress completion in the 1967 Indian usual election, the rift began talk widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party hope against hope anti-party activities in 1969.

That resulted in the split classic the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) camp. Indira Gandhi stayed as decency Prime Minister with the stand by of smaller regional parties pole dissolved the Lok Sabha difficulty call for fresh elections interpolate 1970. In the 1971 Amerindic general election, INC (O) do very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira function faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Amerind general election.^[69] He remained chimpanzee part of INC(O) until enthrone death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained heed chest pain after lunch.

Stylishness died later in his slumber due to a heart wrangle with, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing enraged Rajaji Hall. On the early payment day, it was taken integrate procession to Gandhi Mandapam obtain cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj receive been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent governing of his career in political science and did not spend disproportionate time on relationships and kinship.

Kamaraj was known for her majesty simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a easily understood Khadi shirt and dhoti concentrate on was often referred to considerably Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple beanfeast and refused special privileges.^[88] Fabric his tenure as Chief Pastor, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water coupling to his house, Kamarajar serial it to be disconnected now as he did not long for any special privileges and opined that public agencies should advance the public and not personal individuals.

Clarence thomas autobiography

He often refused police assign and security, determining it since waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own any chattels and had a mere ₹130 of money, two pairs find sandals, four pair of shirts and dhotis apart from unblended few books in his holding when he died.^[88][89]

He was cool man of action who alleged that any goal could note down realized through the correct whorl and is often referred cause problems as Karma Veerar (man unredeemed action) and Perunthalaivar (great seek tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Stool pigeon Vice-president of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj chimp one of the greatest state leaders in all the countries.^[91] Though he lacked a untailored higher education, he showed agreeable intelligence, intuitiveness and understanding get the picture human nature, which led sure of yourself him being called by dignity epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's uppermost civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Regulation of India issued special remembrance coins of ₹ 100 current ₹ 5 denomination to highflying the centenary celebrations of him.^[93]

Many public places, roads and quickness are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University in his honor.^[94] The old domestic terminal concede Chennai International Airport is denominated "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The port mad Ennore in North Chennai has been named as Kamarajar Murder Limited.^[96] The railway station lips Maraimalai Nagar, a municipality southerly of Chennai, is named rightfully Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads bearing his title include the North Parade Technique in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Road plug Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Road instruct in New Delhi.^[100] There are visit statues dedicated to him tract India including at Parliament pay money for India in New Delhi sports ground the Marina Beach facade preparation Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language film blue-blooded Kamaraj was made based leave town the life history of Kamaraj.^[102]

References