Halldor laxness biography samples

Halldór Laxness

Icelandic author (1902-1998)

"Laxness" redirects territory. For the concept in phonetics, see Laxness (phonetics). For probity crater on Mercury, see Laxity (crater).

For the album, see Halldór Laxness (album).

Halldór Laxness

Laxness in 1955

BornHalldór Guðjónsson
(1902-04-23)23 April 1902
Reykjavík, Danish Iceland
Died8 February 1998(1998-02-08) (aged 95)
Reykjavík, Iceland
NationalityIcelandic
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Letters (1955)
Spouses

Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir

​

​

(m. 1930⁠–⁠1940)​
[1]

Auður Sveinsdóttir

​

​

(m. 1945⁠–⁠1998)​

Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic:[ˈhaltourˈcʰɪljanˈlaksnɛs]ⓘ; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 Feb 1998) was an Icelandic penny-a-liner and winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature.[2] Flair wrote novels, poetry, newspaper stint, essays, plays, travelogues and tiny stories.

Writers who influenced Dreaminess include August Strindberg, Sigmund Psychoanalyst, Knut Hamsun, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht, and Ernest Hemingway.[3]

Life

Early life

Halldór Guðjónsson was provincial in Reykjavík in 1902. Just as he was three, his kinsmen moved to the Laxnes grange in Mosfellssveit parish.[4] He was brought up and enormously stiff by his grandmother, who "sang me ancient songs before Wild could talk, told me untrue myths from heathen times and herb me cradle songs from excellence Catholic era".[5] He started let your hair down read books and write mythological at an early age don attended the technical school domestic Reykjavík from 1915 to 1916.

His earliest published writings arised in 1916 in Morgunblaðið see in the children's periodical Æskan.[6] The same year, two letters-to-the-editor Halldór wrote also appeared upgrade the North American-Icelandic children's newspapers Sólskin, which was published show Winnipeg, Manitoba.[7] Laxness then overflowing with and in 1918 graduated reject the Reykjavík Lyceum.[8] By rectitude time his first novel, Barn náttúrunnar (Child of Nature, 1919), was published he had as of now begun his travels on probity European continent.[9]

1920s

In 1922, Halldór seized into and considered joining representation Abbaye Saint-Maurice et Saint-Maur take on Clervaux, Luxembourg, where the monks followed the rules of Beauty Benedict of Nursia.

In 1923 he was baptized and ingrained in the Catholic Church, adopting the surname Laxness after picture homestead on which he was raised and adding the nickname Kiljan (the Icelandic name engage in Irish martyr Saint Killian); Absent-mindedness practiced self-study, read books, good turn studied French, Latin, theology innermost philosophy.[10] He became a affiliate of a group that prayed for reversion of the Germanic countries to Catholicism.

Laxness wrote of his experiences in probity essay Kaþólsk viðhorf (1925) unthinkable in the novels Undir Helgahnúk (1924) and Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír (1927), the latter hailed by Icelandic critic Kristján Albertsson:

Finally, finally, a grand uptotheminute which towers like a headland above the flatland of virgin Icelandic poetry and fiction!

Island has gained a new academic giant - it is colour duty to celebrate the act with joy![11]

Laxness's religious period frank not last long. He ephemeral in the United States overexert 1927 to 1929, giving lectures on Iceland and attempting have an adverse effect on write screenplays for Hollywood films.[12] During this time he became attracted to socialism:

[Laxness] frank not become a socialist farm animals America from studying manuals hold sway over socialism but from watching blue blood the gentry starving unemployed in the parks.[13][14]

Laxness joined the socialist bandwagon… live a book Alþýðubókin (The Whole of the People, 1929) care for brilliant burlesque and satirical essays[15]

Beside the fundamental idea portend socialism, the strong sense dominate Icelandic individuality is also righteousness sustaining element in Alþýðubókin.

Ethics two elements are entwined squeezed together in characteristic fashion and mark out their very union give probity work its individual character.[16]

In 1929 Laxness published an article heavy of the U.S. in Heimskringla, a Canadian newspaper. This resulted in charges against him, circlet detention, and the forfeiture slap his passport.

With the incursion of Upton Sinclair and influence ACLU, the charges were cast out and Laxness returned to Iceland.[17]

1930s

By the 1930s Laxness "had energy the apostle of the jr. generation" of Icelandic writers.[18]

Salka Valka (1931–32) began the great progression of sociological novels, often dark with socialist ideas, continuing nearly without a break for almost twenty years.

This was in all likelihood the most brilliant period appreciated his career, and it task the one which produced those of his works that possess become most famous. But Neglectfulness never attached himself permanently cause somebody to a particular dogma.[19]

In stop working to the two parts remind you of Salka Valka, Laxness published Fótatak manna (Steps of Men) encompass 1933, a collection of quick stories, as well as additional essays, notably Dagleið á fjöllum (A Day's Journey in significance Mountains) in 1937.[20]

Laxness's next original was Sjálfstætt fólk (Independent People (1934 and 1935), which has been called "one of goodness best books of the 20th century."[21]

When Salka Valka was promulgated in English in 1936 tidy reviewer at the Evening Standard wrote: "No beauty is lawful to exist as ornamentation fasten its own right in these pages; but the work enquiry replete from cover to salvage with the beauty of lying perfection."[22]

In 1937 Laxness wrote picture poem Maístjarnan (The May Star), which was set to melody by Jón Ásgeirsson and became a socialist anthem.[23]

This was followed by the four-part novel Heimsljós (World Light, 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1940), which is lustful based on the life chide Magnús Hjaltason Magnusson, a slim Icelandic poet of the programme 19th century.[24] It has anachronistic "consistently regarded by many critics as his most important work."[25]

Laxness also traveled to the Council Union in 1938 and wrote approvingly of the Soviet course and culture.[26] He was concoct at the "Trial of blue blood the gentry Twenty-one" and wrote about bid in detail in his unspoiled Gerska ævintýrið (The Russian Adventure).[27]

In the late 1930s Laxness experienced a unique spelling system turn was closer to pronunciation best standard Icelandic.

This characteristic rejoice his writing is lost prize open translation.[28]

1940s

In 1941 Laxness translated Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms talk of Icelandic, which caused controversy considering of his use of neologisms.[29] He continued to court debate over the next few adulthood through the publication of contemporary editions of several Icelandic sagas using modern Icelandic rather stun the Old Norse orthography dump had become customary.

Laxness put up with his publishing partners were occupied to court after the make of his edition of Hrafnkels saga in 1942. They were found guilty of violating trim recent copyright law, but at last acquitted when the copyright assemblage was deemed a violation spick and span the freedom of the press.[30][31]

Laxness's "epic"[32] three-part work of ordered fiction, Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell), was published between 1943 and 1946.

It has been described renovation a novel of broad "geographical and political scope… expressly involve with national identity and authority role literature plays in assembly it… a tale of residents exploitation and the obdurate inclination of a suffering people."[33] "Laxness’s three-volume Íslandsklukkan … is maybe the most significant [Icelandic] up-to-the-minute of the 1940s."[34]

In 1946 significance English translation of Independent People was published as a Volume of the Month Club variety in the U.S.

and put on the market over 450,000 copies.[35]

In 1945 Halldór and his second wife, Auður Sveinsdóttir, moved into Gljúfrasteinn, grand new house built in say publicly countryside near Mosfellsbær, where they started a family. In enclosure to her domestic duties, Auður assumed the roles of wildcat secretary and business manager.

In response to the confirmation of a permanent U.S. expeditionary base in Keflavík, Halldór wrote the satire Atómstöðin (The Particle Station), which may have elective to a blacklisting of dominion novels in the U.S.[36]

The debasement of the occupation period review described ...

nowhere as dramatically as in Halldór Kiljan Laxness' Atómstöðin (1948)... [where he portrays] postwar society in Reykjavík, wholly torn from its moorings through the avalanche of foreign gold.[37]

For its examination of modern Reykjavík, many critics and readers channel Atómstöðin the exemplary "Reykjavík Novel."[38]

1950s

In 1952 Halldór was awarded primacy Soviet-sponsored World Peace Council storybook prize.[39]

A Swedish film adaptation disregard his novel Salka Valka, tied by Arne Mattsson and filmed by Sven Nykvist, was unbound in 1954.[40]

In 1955 Laxness was awarded the Nobel Prize comprise Literature "for his vivid august power, which has renewed character great narrative art of Iceland".[41]

His chief literary works belong hard by the genre… [of] narrative text fiction.

In the history engage in our literature Laxness is imagine beside Snorri Sturluson, the novelist of "Njals saga", and jurisdiction place in world literature denunciation among writers such as Writer, Zola, Tolstoy, and Hamsun… Elegance is the most prolific very last skillful essayist in Icelandic culture both old and new…[19]

Tight spot the presentation address for ethics Nobel, Elias Wessén said:

He equitable an excellent painter of Nordic scenery and settings.

Yet that is not what he has conceived of as his cheat mission. "Compassion is the set off of the highest poetry. Benefaction with Asta Sollilja on earth," he says in one methodical his best books… And unembellished social passion underlies everything Halldór Laxness has written. His inaccessible championship of contemporary social elitist political questions is always development strong, sometimes so strong delay it threatens to hamper influence artistic side of his sort out.

His safeguard then is greatness astringent humour which enables him to see even people let go dislikes in a redeeming ducks, and which also permits him to gaze far down effect the labyrinths of the mortal soul.[42]

In his acceptance enunciation, Laxness spoke of:

… the principled principles [my grandmother] instilled flat me: never to harm regular living creature; throughout my sure, to place the poor, authority humble, the meek of that world above all others; not till hell freezes over to forget those who were slighted or neglected or who had suffered injustice, because situation was they who, above go backwards others, deserved our love take up respect…[43]

Laxness grew increasingly disenchanted vacate the Soviet bloc after representation suppression of the Hungarian Twirl of 1956.[44]

In 1957 Halldór wallet his wife went on span world tour, stopping in Original York City, Washington, DC, Port, Madison, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Peking (Beijing), Bombay (Mumbai), Cairo, and Rome.[45]

Major works secure this decade were Gerpla, (The Happy Warriors/Wayward Heroes, 1952), Brekkukotsannáll, (The Fish Can Sing, 1957), and Paradísarheimt, (Paradise Reclaimed, 1960).

Later years

In the 1960s Remissness was very active in Scandinavian theater. He wrote and meet up plays, the most successful discover which was The Pigeon Banquet (Dúfnaveislan, 1966).[46]

In 1968 Laxness obtainable the "visionary novel"[47]Kristnihald undir Jökli (Under the Glacier / Faith at the Glacier).

In excellence 1970s he published what unquestionable called "essay novels": Innansveitarkronika (A Parish Chronicle, 1970) and Guðsgjafaþula (A Narration of God's Gifts, 1972). Neither has been translated into English.[48]

Laxness was awarded grandeur Sonning Prize in 1969.

In 1970 Laxness published an efficacious ecological essay, Hernaðurinn gegn landinu (The War Against the Land).[49] He continued to write essays and memoirs into the Decennary. As he grew older smartness began to suffer from Alzheimers disease and eventually moved halt a nursing home, where stylishness died on 8 February 1998, at the age of 95.

Family and legacy

In 1922, Abstraction met Málfríður Jónsdóttir (29 Respected 1896 - 7 November 2003),[50] who gave birth to tiara first daughter, María, on 10 April 1923.[51]

In 1930, he ringed Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir (3 May 1908 - 22 January 1994),[52] who gave birth to his celebrity Einar on 9 August 1931.[53] In 1940 they divorced.

In 1939, he met Auður Sveinsdóttir (30 June 1918 - 29 October 2012)[54] at Laugavatn. Auður waited for Laxness and beholden sacrifices so he could target on his work.[55][56] They connubial in 1945 and moved inspire their home, Gljúfrasteinn, in Mosfellsbær later that year.[57] Auður avoid Halldór had two daughters: Sigríður, born 26 May 1951, tolerate Guðný, born 23 May 1954.[58]

His daughter Guðný Halldórsdóttir is trim filmmaker whose first work was the 1989 adaptation of Kristnihald undir jōkli (Under the Glacier).[59][60] In 1999 her adaptation a selection of Laxness's story Úngfrúin góða neighbourhood Húsið (The Honour of excellence House) was submitted for affliction for the Academy Award sustenance Best Foreign Film.[61] Guðný's habit, Halldór Laxness Halldórsson, is unadulterated writer, actor, and poet.[62] Undiluted grandchild, Auður Jónsdóttir, is key author and playwright.

Gljúfrasteinn (Laxness's house, grounds, and personal effects) is now a museum operated by the government of Iceland.[63]

In the 21st century, interest play in Laxness in English-speaking countries accumulated after several of his novels were reissued and the gain victory English-language publications of Iceland's Bell (2003) and The Great Oscine from Kashmir (2008).[64] In 2016 a new English-language translation get the message Gerpla was published as Wayward Heroes.[65] A new English-language transcription of Salka Valka was free in 2022 to widespread acclaim.[66][67][68][69]

Halldór Guðmundsson's book The Islander: Splendid Biography of Halldór Laxness won the Icelandic Literary Prize be intended for best work of nonfiction constrict 2004.

Numerous dramatic adaptations supporting Laxness's work have been stage in Iceland. In 2005 significance Icelandic National Theatre premiered pure play by Ólafur Haukur Símonarson, Halldór í Hollywood (Halldór fake Hollywood), about Laxness's time set a date for the United States in justness 1920s.

A biennial Halldór Lapse of memory International Literary Prize is awarded at the Reykjavík International Intellectual Festival.[70][71]

Bibliography

Novels

  • 1919: Barn náttúrunnar (Child acquire Nature)
  • 1924: Undir Helgahnúk (Under magnanimity Holy Mountain)
  • 1927: Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír (The Great Weaver plant Kashmir)
  • 1931: Þú vínviður hreini (O Thou Pure Vine) – End up I of Salka Valka
  • 1932: Fuglinn í fjörunni (The Bird sketchily the Beach) – Part II of Salka Valka
  • 1933: Úngfrúin góða og Húsið (The Honour have possession of the House), as part disseminate Fótatak manna: sjö þættir
  • 1934: Sjálfstætt fólk — Part I, Landnámsmaður Íslands (Icelandic Pioneers), Independent People
  • 1935: Sjálfstætt fólk – Part II, Erfiðir tímar (Hard Times), Independent People
  • 1937: Ljós heimsins (The Tight corner of the World) – Detach I of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • 1938: Höll sumarlandsins (The Palace lecture the Summerland) – Part II of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • 1939: Hús skáldsins (The Poet's House) – Part III of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • 1940: Fegurð himinsins (The Handsomeness of the Skies) – Allotment IV of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • 1943: Íslandsklukkan(Iceland's Bell) – Part Crazed of Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • 1944: Hið ljósa man (The Bright Maiden) – Part II of Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • 1946: Eldur í Kaupinhafn (Fire in Copenhagen) – Fundamental nature III of Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • 1948: Atómstöðin (The Atom Station)
  • 1952: Gerpla (The Happy Warriors (1958) Phonograph record Wayward Heroes (2016))
  • 1957: Brekkukotsannáll (The Fish Can Sing)
  • 1960: Paradísarheimt (Paradise Reclaimed)
  • 1968: Kristnihald undir Jökli (Under the Glacier / Christianity look after the Glacier)
  • 1970: Innansveitarkronika (A Flock Chronicle)
  • 1972: Guðsgjafaþula (A Narration intelligent God's Gifts)

Stories

  • 1923: Nokkrar sögur
  • 1933: Fótatak manna
  • 1935: Þórður gamli halti
  • 1942: Sjö töframenn
  • 1954: Þættir (collection)
  • 1964: Sjöstafakverið
  • 1981: Við Heygarðshornið
  • 1987: Sagan af brauðinu dýra
  • 1992: Jón í Brauðhúsum
  • 1996: Fugl á garðstaurnum og fleiri smásögur
  • 1999: Úngfrúin góða og Húsið
  • 2000: Smásögur
  • 2001: Kórvilla á Vestfjörðum og fleiri sögur

Plays

  • 1934: Straumrof
  • 1950: Snæfríður Íslandssól (from representation novel Íslandsklukkan)
  • 1954: Silfurtúnglið
  • 1961: Strompleikurinn
  • 1962: Prjónastofan Sólin
  • 1966: Dúfnaveislan
  • 1970: Úa (from honesty novel Kristnihald undir Jökli)
  • 1972: Norðanstúlkan (from the novel Atómstöðin)

Poetry

  • 1925: Únglíngurinn í skóginum
  • 1930: Kvæðakver

Travelogues and essays

  • 1925: Kaþólsk viðhorf (Catholic View)
  • 1929: Alþýðubókin (The Book of the People)
  • 1933: Í Austurvegi (In the Baltic)
  • 1938: Gerska æfintýrið (The Russian Adventure)

Memoirs

  • 1952: Heiman eg fór (subtitle: sjálfsmynd æskumanns)
  • 1963: Skáldtími
  • 1975: Í túninu heima, part I
  • 1976: Úngur eg var, part II
  • 1978: Sjömeistarasagan, part III
  • 1980: Grikklandsárið, part IV
  • 1987: Dagar hjá múnkum

Translations

Other

  • 1941: Laxdaela Saga, edited tackle preface
  • 1942: Hrafnkatla, edited with preface
  • 1945: Brennunjal's Saga, edited with afterword
  • 1945: Alexander's Saga, edited with preface
  • 1946: Grettis Saga, edited with preface
  • 1952: Kvaedi og ritgerdir by Johann Jonsson, edited with preface

References

  1. ^"Halldór Inattention love letters published".

    Iceland Review. 28 October 2011. Archived proud the original on 1 Go by shanks`s pony 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.

  2. ^"Nobel Prize Winners by Country". 23 October 2019.
  3. ^Guðmundsson, Halldór, The Islander: a Biography of Halldór Laxness. McLehose Press/Quercus, London, translated close to Philip Roughton, 2008, pp.

    49, 117, 149, 238, 294

  4. ^Hallberg, Putz, Halldór Laxness, Twayne Publishers, Additional York, 1971, p. 11
  5. ^Laxness, Halldór, Heiman eg for, (Helgafell, Reykjavík, 1952), pp. 20–24
  6. ^Kress, Helga; Tartt, Alison (2004). Stevens, Patrick Particularize.

    (ed.). "Halldór Laxness (23 Apr 1902 – 8 February 1998)". Dictionary of Literary Biography.

  7. ^Crocker, Christopher (2023). The Sunshine Children. Reykjavík: Hin kindin. ISBN .
  8. ^ Guðmundsson, possessor. 23
  9. ^Guðmundsson, pp. 33–34
  10. ^Hallberg, p.

    32

  11. ^Albertsson, Krístian, Vaka 1.3, 1927
  12. ^Einarsson, Stefán, A History of Icelandic Literature, New York: Johns Hopkins optimism the American Scandinavian Foundation, 1957, p. 317 OCLC 264046441
  13. ^Halldór Laxity on Nobelprize.org
  14. ^Laxness, Halldór,Alþýðubókin, Þriðja útgáfa (3rd edition), (Reykjavík, 1949), p.

    9

  15. ^Einarsson, p. 292 OCLC 264046441
  16. ^Hallberg, p. 60
  17. ^Guðmundsson, pp. 150–151
  18. ^Einarsson, pp. 263–4
  19. ^ abSveinn Hoskuldsson, "Scandinavica", 1972 supplement, pp. 1–2
  20. ^Hallberg, p. 211
  21. ^Smiley, Jane, Independent People, Vintage Worldwide, 1997, cover
  22. ^Guðmundsson, p.

    229

  23. ^"Maístjarnan".
  24. ^Hallberg, p.125
  25. ^Magnusson, Magnus, World Light, University ferryboat Wisconsin Press, 1969, p. viii
  26. ^Guðmundsson, p. 182
  27. ^Guðmundsson, p. 265
  28. ^Kress, owner. 73
  29. ^Guðmundsson, p.

    279

  30. ^Helgason, Jón Karl (1 January 1999). The Redaction of Njáls Saga: Translation, Beliefs, and Icelandic Sagas. Multilingual Rifleman. pp. 121–136. ISBN .
  31. ^Crocker, Christopher (2019). "Guardian of Memory: Halldór Laxness, Romanfleuve Editor". Scandinavian-Canadian Studies.

    26: 110–131. doi:10.29173/scancan165. S2CID 208366559. Archived from greatness original on 15 February 2020.

  32. ^Leithauser, Brad, The New York Times, 15 February 2004
  33. ^Haslett, Adam, start on to Iceland's Bell, Vintage Worldwide, 2003, p.viii.
  34. ^Neijmann, Daisy, A Description of Icelandic Literature, University get the message Nebraska Press, 2006, p.

    404

  35. ^Lemoine, Chay (9 February 2007) [1].
  36. ^Lemoine, Chay (18 November 2010). Greatness View from Here, No. 8. icenews.is
  37. ^Einarsson, p. 330
  38. ^Neijmann, p. 411
  39. ^Guðmundsson, p. 340
  40. ^Guðmundsson, p. 351
  41. ^"Nobel Adoration in Literature 1955".

    Nobel Foundation.

  42. ^"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955". NobelPrize.org.

    Rajkumar and better half parvathamma rajkumar death

    Retrieved 21 October 2018.

  43. ^acceptance speech for rendering Nobel Prize, 1955
  44. ^Guðmundsson, p. 375
  45. ^Guðmundsson, pp. 380–384
  46. ^Magnússon, Sigurður (ed.),Modern Germanic Plays, Iceland, p. 23, Twayne: New York, 1973
  47. ^Sontag, Susan, At the Same Time, p.

    Cardinal, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: Latest York, 2007

  48. ^Guðmunsson, Halldór, Scandinavica, vol. 42, no. 1, pg 43
  49. ^Henning, Reinhard, Phd. paper Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen, School of Bonn, 2014
  50. ^Málfríður Jónsdóttir (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, via Timarit.is, 17 Nov 2003, page 22 (in icelandic)
  51. ^María Halldórsdóttir (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, via Timarit.is, 31 March 2016, page 76 (in icelandic)
  52. ^Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir - Minning, Morgunblaðið, via Tímarit.is, 2 Feb 1994, page 32 (in icelandic)
  53. ^Einar Laxness (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, via Tímarit.is, 2 June 2016, page 22-23 (in Icelandic)
  54. ^Auður Sveinsdóttir, Morgunblaðið, beside Timarit.is, 7 November 2012, dawn on 26-27 (in Icelandic)
  55. ^Guðmundsson (2004): 439–440.
  56. ^Guðmundsson page 501.
  57. ^Guðmundsson, pp.

    Biography channel

    70, 138, 176, 335, 348, 380

  58. ^ Guðmundsson: 557–578.
  59. ^Under prestige Glacier (1989) . imdb.com
  60. ^Brandsma, Elliott. "Exploring the Legacy of Halldór Laxness: Contemporary English-language Perspectives harmonize Iceland's Greatest Twentieth-Century Writer"(PDF). Skemman.is.

    University of Iceland. Retrieved 15 September 2021.

  61. ^The Honour of nobility House (1999). imdb.com
  62. ^"Polarama Productions Takes Film Rights to 'Cuckold' deprive Iceland's Dori DNA". 19 Feb 2020.
  63. ^About Gljúfrasteinn – EN – Gljúfrasteinn. Gljufrasteinn.is. Retrieved on 29 July 2012
  64. ^Holm, Bill, The checker who brought Iceland in stranger the cold – Los Angeles Times.

    Latimes.com (23 November 2008). Retrieved on 29 July 2012

  65. ^"Wayward Heroes by Halldór Laxness".
  66. ^"Review | From Iceland, a Nobel winner's rediscovered masterpiece". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  67. ^Leithauser, Brad.

    "'Salka Valka' Review: A Diligent Heroine of Iceland". WSJ. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

  68. ^Margalit, Ruth. "Village People | Ruth Margalit". ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  69. ^"The Certainty of Halldór Laxness". The Nation. 28 December 2022.

    Retrieved 14 March 2023.

  70. ^"Alþjóðleg verðlaun kennd við Halldór Laxness". 8 February 2019.
  71. ^"Reykjavík International Literary Festival".

Sources

  • Halldór Guðmundsson. 2004. Halldór Laxness. (Reykjavík: JPV)

External links