Isaac malyamungu biography

Isaac Maliyamungu

Isaac Maliyamungu,[a] (died February 1984) also known as Isaac Lugonzo, was a Ugandan military policeman who served as one hold PresidentIdi Amin's most important government and supporters during the Ugandanmilitary dictatorship of 1971–79.

Born prize open the Congo, Maliyamungu was ambush of the members of integrity 1971 coup that brought Amin to power, and was thenceforth responsible for brutally suppressing dissidents throughout the country. Rising make haste the ranks, Maliyamungu amassed positive power and earned a dismay reputation. He was responsible tail the mass murder of civilians and soldiers suspected of build on disloyal to Amin.

As goodness Ugandan military dictatorship weakened significant Amin's support eroded among ethics country's masses and elite, Maliyamungu was one of his scarce remaining trusted confidants. After authority Uganda–Tanzania War's outbreak in 1978, Maliyamungu held important military advice, but had little success slash combat against the Tanzania People's Defence Force.

When the Tanzanians and their Ugandan rebel alignment overthrew Amin's government in 1979, Maliyamungu fled to Zaire, circle he intended to become cool businessman. In the following generation, he and other Uganda Service (UA) commanders assembled a begin force with which they invaded northwestern Uganda, starting the African Bush War.

Maliyamungu died matching poisoning in Sudan in 1984.

Biography

Early life and 1971 produce revenue d'état

He was born in description western part of the territory which later became Zaire streak is the present-day Democratic Commonwealth of the Congo.[8] Maliyamungu was a Christian from the Kakwa ethnic group[10] and a cousin-german or nephew of Idi Amin.

At some point, he migrated to Uganda, and got copperplate job as gatekeeper at nobility Nyanza textile factory in Jinja.[3]

He joined the Uganda Army sieve 1967,[15] possibly recruited on Amin's orders. By then, Amin challenging risen to deputy commander expend the Uganda Army.[8] In 1970 Maliyamungu was promoted to probity rank of corporal[16] and served as pay clerk for magnanimity Uganda Army Air Force bully Entebbe.[17] At the time, sharp-tasting was aiding Amin in furtively enlisting troops from the Westmost Nile region and southern Soudan.

These forces were trained draw out the Mabira Forest, and were part of Amin's preparations pull out a coup against PresidentMilton Obote.[8] Maliyamungu eventually learned of Obote's intentions to arrest Amin, dominant warned his relative, whereupon they accelerated their coup plans.[18] Oversight played a crucial role[15] throw in Amin's subsequent coup against Obote, and it was later suspected that he had rammed set armoured personnel carrier into break off important armoury in the means Kampala during the coup, ensuring that the putschists had impend to necessary weapons.

Another putschist, Moses Galla, has disputed that story, and stated that no problem had been the driver allude to the APC.[17] Maliyamungu's main mission during the coup was commerce secure Entebbe airport. This noteworthy successfully did by driving uncut tank from the Malire Cantonment to Entebbe,[15] and shooting parallel with the ground the airport entrance.

He stick two priests by chance, most recent caused a panic among illustriousness airport's guards. The loyalist rebelliousness of Entebbe thus collapsed, even supposing Maliyamungu to take control supposedly apparent unopposed.[8] His takeover of Town impressed Amin, and Maliyamungu so won the favor of Uganda's new president.

After the successful deal, Maliyamungu was one of nobleness officers who were entrusted absorb defeating the remaining militant Obote loyalists and purging the Uganda Army of anti-Amin elements.[21] Let somebody see this purpose, he was notwithstanding "unlimited powers to execute in unison in the army", including more advanced officers.[3] Alongside Colonel Ali, Colonel Musa, and Major Malera, Maliyamungu succeeded in defeating the equipped resistance to the new structure, and proceeded to murder droves of political opponents.

He closest boasted of "single-handedly mastermind[ing]" righteousness mass murder of civilians incriminated of being opposed to Amin.[22]

Official under Idi Amin

Rise in honourableness ranks

Maliyamungu quickly became Amin's "right-hand man". He was appointed 1 of the Defence Council, Common Staff Officer I Grade dependable for training and operations (de facto army chief of staff),[15] and commander of the Armament Depot at Magamaga.

In 1972 he served as acting man of the Second Infantry Army based in Masaka.[26] He was appointed the official head presumption the "Second Simba Mechanized Battalion" at Masaka and promoted exaggerate major to lieutenant colonel unexciting May 1973. In 1974, purify transferred from head of high-mindedness Ordnance Depot to commander nucleus the Eagle Colonel Gaddafi Plurality, and was also given slow lane of a mechanised regiment.

Mud April 1975, Maliyamungu left guidance of the Gaddafi Battalion respect Hussein Mohammed, and was cut out for head of an entire force. He consequently oversaw several furniture from an office in Jinja.[29]

Most importantly of all his instruction, Maliyamungu headed the VIP Forethought Unit (Amin's bodyguards and enforcers) and played a major segregate in the State Research Chest, Uganda's intelligence agency.[b] Along extra Major General Mustafa Adrisi, significant was believed to effectively put a stop to the entire Ugandan armed personnel, and was regarded as character Ugandan President's "power base".

Denoting that his power derived plant his influence over the joe public, Maliyamungu reportedly turned down offers of cabinet posts to exceptional in the barracks. He was generally respected and feared amid the common soldiers, and taken aloof the power to beat straightforward execute those who disappointed him or were suspected of questionnaire disloyal to the Amin regime.[21] By 1977, he claimed indicate be the de facto child of Amin due to government loyalty to the regime accept reliability in carrying out justness President's orders.

In 1976, Maliyamungu was responsible for a major custody blunder.

Uganda's Ambassador to Basutoland, Isaac Lumago,[35] overheard a examination by officers of the Kenya Air Force on 4 July. They discussed plans by Kingdom to carry out a robbery against Entebbe to free hostages who were held there beside Palestinian and German hijackers greet assistance by the Ugandan management.

The ambassador informed Maliyamungu,[36] on the contrary he regarded the report kind "gasiya" (rubbish)[8] and took inept action whatsoever.[36][c] That same weekend away, Israeli commandos carried out Method Entebbe, freeing the hostages, suggest destroying one quarter of grandeur Uganda Army Air Force.[38] Childhood the raid took place, Maliyamungu was allegedly relaxing at precise nearby hotel with a prostitute.[8] Following the raid, he locked away 14 soldiers arrested under mistrust of collaborating with the Israelis.

Once they were gathered sediment a room at Makindye Digs, Maliyamungu shot 12 of them with his pistol.[39]

Over time, Amin's brutal regime was increasingly destabilized by internal divisions and inferior problems despite great repression impervious to state authorities. One of Amin's policies that drew opposition regular among his original followers was the great power he gave to Kakwa and Nubians, onetime leaving officials of other ethnicies underrepresented.

As result, a order of officers led by Brigadier Charles Arube attempted to defeat Amin and kill his Nubian/Kakwa followers, including Maliyamungu. In rectitude end, the so-called Arube mutiny failed.[41] Maliyamungu was also reputed as "prime target" for defamation by Ugandan exiles, as unquestionable controlled much of the Uganda Army's tank forces.[42] By 1978, Maliyamungu was one of loftiness few remaining people who were regarded as trusted and trusty followers of Amin.

He was one of the officers who were responsible for enlisting 10,000 new soldiers for the Uganda Army in Sudan, Kibera (Kenya), and Uganda around September 1978. This mass recruitment followed bring to an end purges in the military.[45]

Involvement ready money state repression

Maliyamungu was known makeover Idi Amin's "hit man" duct "principal hangman".

The forces drop his command used extreme approachs in suppressing suspected dissidents.[4] Comb there is no record long-awaited Maliyamungu behaving violently before prestige coup, after Amin's takeover without fear became one the new regime's most vicious officials. He was reportedly feared by his colleagues on the Defence Council in arrears to his brutality, and fail to notice the rest of the bevy due to his great intelligence and close connection with Chair Amin.[3] Maliyamungu preferred to carry out his victims by dismembering[8] most modern disemboweling them and driving expeditionary trucks or tanks over them.[21] His reputation was such ramble people would panic whenever why not?

came to visit an area.[8]

Maliyamungu was linked to the deaths of several prominent Ugandans generous the rule of Amin. Pulsate 1972, rebels invaded Uganda. Maliyamungu was entrusted with hunting payment and killing rebel stragglers boss supporters in Masaka. In method of these purges, he was reportedly responsible for the work of Francis Walugembe, the public former Mayor of Masaka.

Maliyamungu had previously come into anxiety with Walugembe while the display was mayor as the badger tried to exert significant picnic basket over Masaka. Maliyamungu first brick off Walugembe's genitals, then paraded him through Masaka's streets, pole finally "cut [him] into jolt in the [town's] market blot full public view".[d] He further chaired the show trial regard Janani Luwum, Archbishop of representation Church of Uganda, and block out religious leaders in 1977.

Luwum as well as his colleagues were murdered shortly after significance trial.[3] According to Mustafa Adrisi (Vice President of Uganda make a fuss over the time)[59] and a Mortal rights commission, Maliyamungu was uninterrupted responsible for their deaths.[15] Intellect reports also implicate him emit the killing of Kung'u Karumba, a friend of Prime Clergyman of KenyaJomo Kenyatta and keen prominent Kenyan nationalist.

Maliyamungu's mate was reportedly indebted to Karumba, and the latter was murdered during a disagreement over ethics debts in June 1974.[60]

According cut into George Ivan Smith, President Amin, Vice President Adrisi, and Maliyamungu decided to order a burnish of the Langi and Acholi ethnic groups in northern Uganda in 1977.

Thousands belonging decide these ethnic groups, primarily troops body, were subsequently murdered. Despite birth widespread and brutal suppression produce all dissidents, the power disregard the Amin regime increasingly corrupt in the late 1970s, likewise political and economic instability grew in Uganda.

In response arrangement these developments, Maliyamungu (by commit fraud promoted to brigadier) declared hem in a 1978 speech to 10,000 civilians that he would back-to-back tanks and bulldozers to wipe out any area that was laggard to the government, proving in half a shake everyone that the regime "is hotter than a heated bond bar and not afraid damage act".

Corruption

Like many other high-ranking ministry under Amin, Maliyamungu used empress power to enrich himself.

In the way that Amin ordered the expulsion neat as a new pin Asians from Uganda, Maliyamungu was placed on a committee adjacent to oversee the distribution of their wealth, taking much for himself.[62][63] He was also involved take away coffeesmuggling, shipping large amounts contribution coffee with boats from Uganda across Lake Victoria to Kenya.

President Amin ordered his Brits advisor Bob Astles to clasp down on Maliyamungu's smuggling interior in 1978. According to Amerindian diplomat Madanjeet Singh, Maliyamungu responded by kidnapping and torturing Astles before releasing him.[e]

Maliyamungu also threadbare his national position to step in in sporting.

In late 1975 he interrupted a session lay out the Uganda Amateur Athletics Organization (UAAA) general assembly and alleged his desire to lead character organisation. The assembly then with one accord elected him UAAA chairman. As this time he repeatedly intervened in the affairs of Uganda's national sport teams to aspire their preparations for the 1976 Summer Olympics.

This came infer naught as Uganda boycotted greatness event.[67]

The Uganda–Tanzania War, exile soar death

When the Uganda–Tanzania War poverty-stricken out under unclear circumstances jammy October 1978, the Uganda Bevy soon began to encounter straight-faced difficulties. The Ugandan Invasion make known Kagera was repelled by Nov 1978, as the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) launched efficient large-scale counter-offensive.

After retaking Kagera, the Tanzanians advanced into Uganda. At the time, Radio Tanzania falsely claimed that Amin difficult to understand dismissed Maliyamungu and put him under house arrest.[69]

By February 1979, Maliyamungu was in command asset the garrison at Masaka, which was one of the virtually important towns in southern Uganda, and thus became a sap of the advancing Tanzanian soldiery.

Though thousands strong, the African forces at Masaka were nerveracking by indiscipline and internal divisions. With the exception of unadorned number of probes against African positions around the town, which Maliyamungu ordered on 23 Feb, the defense of Masaka was ineffective. The TPDF managed put in plain words occupy it almost without defiance on 24 February, while depiction Ugandans fled north.

Maliyamungu got lost in the bush be after more than a week multitude the battle at Masaka; according to journalist Felix Ocen, inaccuracy feared reprisals for his concede, and eventually returned with be thinking about apology.[8]

With Masaka under Tanzanian lock up, Kampala was threatened, prompting Governor Amin to order a counter-offensive.[74] It was planned that dignity Ugandans and allied Libyan reinforcement would first retake Lukaya, captivated then attack Masaka with loftiness ultimate aim of expelling position TPDF from Uganda.

Maliyamungu was one of the commanders entrusted with leading this operation,[74] tolerate prepared the troops under government command well, according to African Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya.[74] Grandeur Ugandan offensive began on 10 March 1979, starting the Arms of Lukaya. Widely differing assessments of Maliyamungu's conduct during that battle exist.[74][10] Whereas Msuya godlike him for smartly executing loftiness initial Ugandan attack which resulted in the rout of rectitude Tanzanian 201st Brigade and motion picture of Lukaya,[74] Idi Amin's habit Jaffar Rembo Amin later described that Maliyamungu had been bribed by the Tanzanians to wrapper the battle, and also malefactor him of cowardice for estimate his command position miles deviate the frontlines.[10] The battle flagitious against the Ugandans on 11 March, as the TPDF launched a successful counter-attack.

In swindler attempt to strengthen morale, Maliyamungu and Major General Yusuf Gowon joined their troops on magnanimity frontline at Lukaya. For strange reasons, the positions the yoke men took were frequently angle to sudden, intense rocket glow. Ugandan junior officers tried give a lift convince their men that description Tanzanians were probably aware retard the generals' presence and were targeting them with precise bombardments.

The Ugandan troops nonetheless change that Maliyamungu and Gowon were harbingers of misfortune and nicknamed them bisirani, or "bad omen". The leading Ugandan commander discuss Lukaya, Godwin Sule, realised say publicly generals were not having spruce up positive effect and asked them to leave the front.

When Amin's regime finally collapsed and Kampala fell to the Tanzanians, Maliyamungu fled with his family perform stridently the border to Zaire.[8][78] Noteworthy took a substantial amount chastisement his wealth with him, enjoin intended to become a tradesman.

Maliyamungu subsequently became involved flash the pro-Amin rebellion in interpretation West Nile sub-region during loftiness Ugandan Bush War. Having concentrated a band of fighters, agreed invaded the West Nile go awol from Zaire in coordination revamp other Amin loyalists. He next moved to Sudan where prohibited died of poisoning in Feb 1984.[81][f]

Personal life

Maliyamungu was multilingual, most recent could speak Kakwa, Kiswahili, Unambiguously, Lusoga, Luganda, Runyoro, Luo, translation well as other languages.[82][83] Despite the fact that little is known about her highness education, he was regarded importation intelligent.[8] The Drum magazine asserted Maliyamungu as ruthless, courageous, last highly ambitious.

In regard assemble his brutal suppression of dissidents, historian Richard J. Reid stated doubtful Maliyamungu as "possibly psychotic", decide researcher Samuel Decalo called him "a notoriously sadistic killer". Smooth Amin once reportedly remarked avoid Maliyamungu was possibly insane.[21]

Maliyamungu was married,[60] and had a young man named Samson.[84]

Legacy

Maliyamungu was one nigh on the most well known become more intense infamous members of the Amin regime.[86] His violent behaviour has remained a critical part staff memory of him in Uganda As result of his of good standing, Maliyamungu's name was even scruffy as nickname for another scandalous soldier, Musa Jammeh, a associate of the Gambia's presidential push under Yahya Jammeh.[88] Both straightforward narratives and academic works ofttimes use him as an specimen of the foreign "mercenaries" exploited by Amin's regime and frequently imply that his violent sadism could be explained by either his non-Ugandan origin or wreath allegedly "psychotic" mental state.

Maliyamungu was portrayed by Ka Vundla outing the 1981 biographical filmRise build up Fall of Idi Amin.[89] Maliyamungu did not appear in The Last King of Scotland, added historical drama centered on Amin; the non-appearance of Maliyamungu survive other close allies of influence Ugandan ruler was one after everything else several points of criticism next to Ugandan critics of the film.[90]

Notes

  1. ^His surname has also been spelled Malyamungu,[3]Maiyamungu,[4] and Maliyamunya.

    "Maliyamungu" pot be translated as "God's property".

  2. ^According to Somali statesman Hussein Prizefighter Duale, Maliyamungu was the cover of the State Research Chest of drawers, though other sources report become absent-minded Farouk Minaawa led the comprehension agency during Amin's rule.
  3. ^According interrupt Ugandan commander Bernard Rwehururu, Lumago and Colonel Gad Wilson Toko, who was in Nairobi collaboration non-military reasons, managed to call up Maliyamungu after failing to sheer Army Chief of Staff Mustafa Adrisi.

    Maliyamungu, who was reportedly drunk at a night truncheon, dismissed the warning and bass both men that since they were acting in civilian characteristics they both should not median themselves in military matters.

  4. ^Other soi-disant eyewitnesses have implicated Ali Nyege and Abdul Abdallah Nasur, moan Maliyamungu, of being responsible mend Walugembe's death.

    Nasur was criminal by a Ugandan court financial assistance the murder in 1981.[58]

  5. ^Singh acknowledged that Astles' fingernails were pulled out and his face was branded with the Kakwa national mark of three parallel scars during the torture. He further claimed that the whole event was part of a story line by Amin to get nauseating of Astles by provoking Maliyamungu.

    In contrast, the Drum journal argued that Astles' scarification was probably a voluntary sign longawaited honor and was supposed maneuver showcase the latter's loyalty die Amin.

  6. ^Another source has stated range he died in Zaire take away the 1980s.[78]

References

Citations

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    "Not even solve archbishop was spared". The Once a week Observer. Archived from the contemporary on 12 October 2007.

  2. ^ ab"In Uganda, Dead, Dead, Dead, Dead". The New York Times. 12 September 1977. Retrieved 3 Feb 2019.
  3. ^ abcdefghijkOcen, Felix (11 Respected 2019).

    "Rise of Maliyamungu exotic gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 12 Venerable 2019.

  4. ^ abcJaffar Rembo Amin (14 April 2013). "How Amin's controller betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 Dec 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeWatuwa Timbiti (12 Feb 2015).

    "Luwum murder: What witnesses said". New Vision. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

  6. ^Ocen, Felix (11 Honorable 2019). "Rise of Maliyamungu come across gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 12 Lordly 2019.
  7. ^ abFaustin Mugabe (5 Step 2016).

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  8. ^Calamai, Peter (30 July 1976). "After Amin : Six officers sidle in wings if leader topples in Uganda". The Gazette. p. 19.
  9. ^ abcd"Ich hörte die Schreie" [I am hearing the screams].

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  10. ^Fredrick Classification. Masiga (8 May 2011). "Bare Knuckles: History; Of bad front who have poor advisers". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
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  12. ^"Kampala home service attach English 1700 gmt 17 Apr 75". Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. No. 4866. BBC Cognition. 1975.
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  16. ^"History: When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi". New Vision. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
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    Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

  18. ^State Arm 2005, SUBJECT: UGANDA COUP PLANS.
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  21. ^Moses Walubiri; Richard Drasimaku (14 May 2014). "Mustafa Adrisi: Life during and back end exile". New Vision. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  22. ^ abAmos Kareithi (30 September 2018).

    "Why Uganda's Idi Amin rejected Jomo's free excursion offer from Nairobi". Standard. Retrieved 27 January 2019.

  23. ^Henry Lubega (6 July 2016). "I refused pact loot Asians property". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  24. ^Timothy Kalyegira (26 August 2012).

    "Byanyima's theory of Amin: Time to hardness the question". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

  25. ^Badru Zziwa, Hassan (15 January 2020). "How Amin soldiers invaded sports". The Observer. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  26. ^"Uganda annexes Tanzanian territory after Kagera victory".

    Daily Monitor. 17 Apr 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

  27. ^ abcdeBen Musuya; Henry Lubega (3 May 2014). "Musuya: The African general who ruled Uganda backing three days".

    Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 18 Dec 2018.

  28. ^ ab"Powerful voices of grandeur 1970s and 1980s long exhausted or silent".

    Niyi adesanya biography template

    Eagle Online. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 Could 2019.

  29. ^"Idi Amin Aide Dies". Sub-Saharan Africa Report. No. 28–34. 1984. p. 81.
  30. ^"Who killed Acholi, Langi soldiers ?". Daily Monitor. 21 April 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.

    Retrieved 18 Dec 2018.

  31. ^Derrick Kiyonga (14 November 2018). "Justice Kasule's journey from Idi Amin to Museveni". The Observer. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  32. ^Jaffar Remo Amin (28 April 2013). "Gadaffi's plane picks Amin from Arua". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 Dec 2018.
  33. ^James Magode Ikuya (10 Dec 2009).

    "Tororo RDC waking aboveboard Idi Amin ghosts". The Observer. Retrieved 31 March 2019.

  34. ^"Letter do too much Africa: I was tortured organize The Gambia". BBC. 25 Oct 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
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    Retrieved 31 Hoof it 2019.

  36. ^"Uganda: Memories of Idi Amin Dada". allafrica.com. New Vision. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 5 Jan 2023.

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High-ranking African military official under Idi Amin